ESDS Government

Usage of the British Crime Survey

This page contains information from users who have downloaded the BCS data and who have agreed to have their project information shared. You can opt to be included or to amend the details held for you by changing your project registration.

A 2008 report on usage of the BCS is available in Word and PDF format.

• Geographical study of BCS profile for Nottingham City (TBC) – Mr Craig Hall. September 2011

  The data will be used to build an 'enhanced' geographical BCS profile for Nottingham City. We are the Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnership for Nottingham and we are looking to perform a study in partnership with Nottingham Trent University.

• Economic Modelling – Dr Keshab Bhattarai (University of Hull – Business School). August 2011

  I have been working on the genearal equilibrium modelling and eocnometric analysis for the UK and other countries for more than ten years.
  Other surveys used: LFS HSE APS EFS.

• Monitoring poverty and social exclusion – Miss Anushree PAREKH. August 2011

  Analysis of trends in low income by various characteristics like family type, age, gender, ethnicity, work status etc. to form an annual report that is released in the public domain.
  Other surveys used: LFS FRS HBAI HSE BHPS NTS EFS SEH APS Omnibus GHS.

• Teaching – Ms Andrea Lyons-Lewis (Nottingham Trent University – Social Sciences). August 2011

  The data will be used with 2nd year undergraduate Sociology students as part of a core methodology module. It will be used an example dataset to teach skills in data management and analysis. Some of the students may use the data as the basis of a piece of assessed work in the module.

• Teaching – Ms Andrea Lyons-Lewis (Nottingham Trent University – Social Sciences). August 2011

  I aim to use the data to teach 2nd year Sociology students on a core methodology module. It might be one of a number of example datasets that is used to demonstrate and teach data management and analysis skills.
  Other surveys used: TAKING PART: THE NATIONAL SURVEY OF CULTURE; LEISURE AND SPORT; 2009-2010; ADULT AND CHILD DATA NATIONAL SURVEY OF SEXUAL ATTITUDES AND LIFESTYLES II; 2000-2001.

• An Anatomy of Economic Inequality in Wales – Mr Rhys Davies (Cardiff University – Wales Institute for Social and Economic Research; Data and Methods). August 2011

  To produce an analytical report that presents a detailed picture of economic inequality in Wales. The report follows on from the 2010 report 'An Anatomy of Economic Inequality in the UK'. Whilst this report had significant policy impact, the report provided only limited evidence of the nature of economic inequality at sub-national level and was not able to provide information with respect to the nature of economic inequality in Wales. The proposed research programme seeks to address this information gap through the production of a NEP-style report for Wales. The analysis will be based upon data used within the UK report and will include sources such as the Labour Force Survey, the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Households Below Average Income and the Wealth and Assets Survey. Sources of administrative data pertinent to the analysis of economic inequality in Wales will also be interrogated. We wish to use data from the Annual Population Survey in order to consider the relative economic circumstances of protected groups under the 2010 Equalities Act within Wales (gender, ethnicity, disabled, religious belief). The analysis will focus on employment, educational attainment and earnings. Data on these issues is provided for Wales as part of the Labour Force Survey. However, as the relative number of these groups in our sample is small, we wish to use the Welsh Boost to the Labour Force Survey.
  Other surveys used: LFS APS.

• Assessment question – Mr Shaun Wilson (University of Brighton – SASS). August 2011

  As part of my course at University I'm required to carry out a research project. The findings of the project are directly related to the secondary data of the british crime survey.

• Criminal victimisation ans sexual orientation – Dr Berenice Mahoney (University of Worcester – Psychological Sciences). July 2011

  The data is required as the basis for a paper on the links between sexual orientation and crime victimisation. The data will be used as part of a brief paper linked to a postgraduate project on the sexual victimisation of males.

• Exploratory – Dr Paul Stoneman (University of Southampton – School of Social Sciences). July 2011

  To generate descriptive data on drug usage in the UK. This may or may not be developed into a working paper utilising multivariate methods which seeks to explain the prevalence of drug usage.

• Values study – Dr Kingsley Purdam (University of Manchester – SOSS). July 2011

  Analysis of value change using the BCS. Follow up work examining patterns of behaviour across the EU and in the UK. The initial work is exploratory.
  Other surveys used: Omnibus BCS70.

• Contract Killing – Dr Vince Fitzsimons (University of Bradford – Economics). July 2011

  To examine all violent crime statistics from the BCS to see what elements can be identified that would be categorised as an offence under section4 of Offences Against the Person Act 1861.

• Domestic Violence and Economic Status – Professor Dan Anderberg (Royal Holloway; University of London – Economics). July 2011

  The purpose of this research is to consider how women's education and economic opportunities affect their risk of being subjected to domestic violence. The work will consider both the role of education and the role of economic policy affecting women's labour market opportunities. The statistical methods to be used include state-of-the-art approaches; including instrumental variable techniques and difference-in-difference techniques. The work on the role of education will focus primarily the school reforms affecting the cohorts born around 1960 while the work on the role of economic policy will focus on the measured trends in domestic violence since the mid-1990s and how these have varied across demographic groups. In this work I will draw on my previous experience of empirical economics in the field of marriage, divorce, and intra-household bargaining.
  Other surveys used: Omnibus.

• Internet fraud analysis – Dr Michelle Baddeley (University of Cambridge – Economics). July 2011

  Data to support an economic analysis of internet crime in the UK and US, drawing on ideas from behavioural economics. The research is purely for academic purposes and is an early investigation.

• Prevalence rate of drug use in rural areas/cities/metropolitan areas – Professor Andrea Petroczi (Kingston University – School of Life Sciences). July 2011

  We will use drug use prevalence data as background information for a research article. The main focus of the research article is survey method development and we generated our own empirical data. Thus the crime survey data will only be used for comparison.

• Introduction to R for teaching social statistics – Dr Richard Harris (University of Bristol – Geographical Science). June 2011

  Will use the data for teaching purposes - as a demonstrative dataset at a conference workshop (GEES Subject Centre 10th Anniversary Conference). Will provide the basis for showing basic statistical analysis in R to an audience of academic teachers.

• Co-ordinated drug prevalence analysis – Mrs Nicola Singleton. June 2011

  I will undertake analysis of drug use prevalence, with a focus on poly-drug use. This is part of a project which I am undertaking as a UK Focal point population prevalence expert. The analysis will be co-ordinated with similar analysis being undertaken in other EU countries.

• Regional Costs of Crime – Mr Daniel Ellingworth (Sheffield Hallam University – Law; Criminology and Community Justice). May 2011

  The project will use BCS data to assess the regional variation in costs of criminal victimisation. The aim is to disaggregate cost of crime estimates, focussing particularly on the costs suffered by victimisation.

• relative income/earnings and life satisfaction in the UK – Dr Tim Hinks (University of the West of England – Economics). March 2011

  Use the postcode data in order to generate relative income terms to be used in happiness equations. Previous work uses relative income terms based on region; province or occupation. The paper would test whether neighbourhood is a better reference group.
  Other surveys used: LFS IHS.

• Research for academic dissemination – Professor Andromachi Tseloni (Nottingham Trent University – Criminologgy). March 2011

  I will analyse burglary and security jointly to test for any segregation effects on the use of enhanced security and buglary risks. This draws on ealier work Tilley et al (2011) published at the British Journal of Criminology

• Nursing Quality Study – Miss Anna DeCourcy (University of Greenwich – Health and Social Care). February 2011

  To improve patient experiences of care through investigating various ward attributes such as nursing. The intended use of this particular dataset will be to see what (if any) changes over time have been experienced as a result of the National Inpatient and Staff Surveys.
  Other surveys used: Omnibus GHS.

• Secondary analysis of the British Crime Survey to inform paper on harassment – Dr Paul Iganski (Lancaster University – Applied Social Science). February 2011

  Analyse experiences of harassment on the basis of victims' identities. The analysis will be used to inform a paper being prepared for publication by the Equality and Human Rights Commission.

• Monitoring poverty and social exclusion – Mr Guy Palmer. December 2010

  Maintenance of 100 key indicators of poverty and social exclusion both for the UK as a whole and for regions within it. Subjects covered include income, work, education, health, housing, crime and neighbourhoods. See www.poverty.org.uk
  Other surveys used: LFS NICHS EFS HSE FRS APS LIW SCS WHS Omnibus HBAI FES EHS NSW.

• Estimating the effect of police on crime – Mr Joseph Hamed. November 2010

  Estimating the effect of police on crime – with Dr Ben Vollaard. Copy of earlier usage registered in January 2009. We estimate the effect of police on crime within England and Wales; using the BCS as source of crime data rather than police recorded crime. Additionally; we show that measurement error in police recorded crime results in an upward bias in the estimated effect of police on crime

• Crime and labour markets – Dr Robert Simmons (Lancaster University – economics). November 2010

  A study of the relationship between crime victimisation and local labour markets; focussing on relaxation of alcohol licensing laws in UK. Previous research on crime and labour markets has tended to focus on recorded crime statistics whereas we examine victim reports.

• NGOs in Britain 1945-2007 – Dr Jean-Francois Mouhot (University of Birmingham – History). October 2010

  I intend to use this data for a research project on the history of non-governmental organisations and civil society in the UK since 1945; based at the University of Birmingham. (www.ngo.bham.ac.uk)
  Other surveys used: FES BSA BCS70.

• HCV prevalence – Mr Ross Harris. June 2010

  Estimating HCV prevalence in England via evidence synthesis of various data sources on Hepatitis C (HCV) and injection drug users (IDUs). This is achieved by estimating the size of current- and ex-IDU population; and the HCV prevalence in these groups. This project follows previous work by Sweeting and De Angelis (see; e.g.; http://smm.sagepub.com/content/18/4/361.abstract; which utilises previous BCS datasets) The British Crime Survey (BCS) data on current and ex-injecting drug use are used to provide information on the size of these risk groups; which are at high risk of HCV infection. Using this information; combined with estimates of HCV prevalence in these groups; numbers of HCV infected current and ex-IDUs may be estimated. The data will be included in the evidence synthesis and inform estimates of current/ex-IDU prevalence by age; sex and region; via a logistic regression relationship. Updated evidence synthesis estimates of the prevalence of HCV in England; to be published in medical journal; e.g.; Journal of Viral Hepatitis; and HPA reports on HCV. Funded by the Department of Health

• Reporting crime to the police in Scotland – Dr Ben Bradford (University of Edinburgh – Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research). April 2010

  To examine the reasons why people in Scotland do; or do not; report crime to the police. Multi-level modelling will be used to assess the relative importance of individual and area level correlates
  Other surveys used: SCS.

• Fear of crime and perceived disorder: Disentangling the direction of causality – Dr Jonathan Jackson (LSE – Methodology Institute). February 2010

  The association between fear of crime and public perceptions of neighbourhood disorder has been established (Farrall et al. 2009). Yet the arrow of causality is unclear. Neighbourhood cues may disrupt trust and generate inferences of victimization threat; but equally; fear of crime may sensitise individuals to the symbolic nature of neighbourhood breakdown and stability. The goal of this study is conduct panel analysis of 6 waves of the British Household Panel Study; to try to disentangle two-way effects of perceived disorder and the fear of crime. This analysis will be combined with quantile regression of one wave; in order to draw some methodological conclusions.
  Other surveys used: BHPS.

• Scottish Alcohol Model – Professor Petra Meier (University of Sheffield – ScHARR). January 2010

  We are modelling of the effect of alcohol policies on health; crime and employment outcomes in England and Scotland. For this we need detailed alcohol consumption data by age and gender; as well as datasets for harm estimation. Funding has been received from DH; Scottish Government; NICE and MRC.
  Other surveys used: SHES Omnibus GHS ELSA FACS LSYPE.

• Study of BJS responses in Avon & Somerset – Dr Mark Oldfield (University of Kent – Social Policy; Sociology & Social Research). January 2010

  Comparison of BCS responses in Avon & Somerset with National results to examine specific issues identified with overall measures of Police Force performance as measured by compusite national indicators.

• Burglary and fear of crime study UK – Dr Rowland Atkinson (University of York – Sociology). December 2009

  For an ongoing book project on fear of crime and the protection of domestic spaces in the UK, US and Australia. The work concerns the defence of domestic space by homeowners in particular, and data on fear of crime from the BCS is sought in order to track changes in prevailing fear levels both inside and outside the home.

• Fear of crime comparison – Dr Nicola Weston (Cardiff University – Social Sciences). December 2009

  Primary data was collected using an independently designed survey as part of joint collaboration between the City of London Police and Cardiff University. The BCS data would be used to make comparisons between the local dataset and the national dataset.

• Crime Victimisation and Demographics – Professor Stephen Machin (University of London School of Economics – CEP). November 2009

  To study how the demographic composition of crime victimisation has evolved through time (with particular reference to migrant status and education).

• Research – Ms Heather Zaykowski. November 2009

  I am interested in using the British Crime Survey for my dissertation. The particular focus of this study is to explore the relationship between offending/deviance and victimization reporting.

• Population research for comminity profiles – Mr Andreas Mueller. November 2009

  I work in the Citizen Focus Department. We are interested in any source of accurate, up-to-date information about our population as this will inform resourcing and communication decisions for our force
  Other surveys used: APS.

• Suffolk Constabulary BCS review and analysis – Mr Steven Francis. November 2009

  Use of full BCS data by Suffolk Constabulary to help identify trends and populations within the data to help local policing and improve force performance.
  Other surveys used: BSA APS.

• Validation of own survey data – Dr Giles Atkinson (London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE); University of London – Department of Geography and Environment). November 2009

  To use some of the responses on perceptions of crime to cross-validate with data we have from a survey currently being undertaken; along with colleagues; for a Ministry of Justice project on sentencing
  Other surveys used: LFS.

• Housing tenure and crime – Dr Lisa O'Malley (University of York – Social Policy and SOcial Work). November 2009

  A research project to explore relationships between crime and housing tenure.

• Comparison – Dr Crawford Moodie (University of Stirling – Marketing). October 2009

  I am keen to get frequencies on the number of adults in the 2002/3 Survey who endorsed three of the items in the Stolen Goods module concerning smuggled tobacco and compare with a previous youth study which asked the same questions.

• Analysis of West Mercia Police BCS data – Mrs Joanne Horder. September 2009

  The BCS provides key public perception measures for police forces. West Mercia wishes to look in depth at the data to establish what seems to make a difference to people's perception of the police and their feelings of confidence and safety.

• Illicit Drug use and Sexuality – Dr Ford Hickson (University of Portsmouth – Sigma Research, Faculty of Health and Social Science). September 2009

  Descriptive analysis of associations between membership of sexual minorities (gay/lesbian and bisexual) and illicit drug use in order to inform health promotion and drug service planning.

• Gloucestershire CYPSP Needs Analysis – Dr Amy Williams. September 2009

  We use local police data to assess the needs of children and young people. The British Crime Sruvey will serve as a useful triangulation for this data and we anticipate that it will help to provide a more comprehensive picture of where children and young people have concerns about crime and personal safety.

• Monitoring Poverty and Social Exclusion – Tom MacInnes. August 2009

  Monitoring Poverty and Social Exclusion is an annual report New Policy Institute carries out for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation. It containss analysis of statistics relating to low income; unemployment; homelessness and education; among other issues. As well as presenting the data in a clear; understandable form; it also carries some commentary on the policy implications of the findings.
  Other surveys used: FRS HBAI BSA LFS HSE NTS SEH.

• Prevalence and conviction rates of sexual assault – Dr Berenice Mahoney (University of Worcester – Psychological Sciences). July 2009

  The data will be used as part of a larger project examining definitions of sexual assault amongst male and female victims and perpetrators. The work will focus especially on issues surrounding male sexual assault.

• Analysis of prevalence and convictions for sexual assaults – Dr Berenice Mahoney (University of Worcester – Psychological Sciences). July 2009

  The data will be used to conduct an analysis of the difference between prevalence and conviction rates for male and female sexual assault. This research is part of a broader research project examining a range of issues surrounding definitions of sexual assault amongst male and female victims and perpetrators.

• Attitudes to crime – Dr Joe whittaker (Lancaster University – Maths). July 2009

  Divergence weighted independence graphs are proving to be a useful tool for the exploratory analysis of survey data. Here we explore their application to attitudes to crime recorded in the British Crime Survey.

• Econometric and other analysis – Mr Giovanni Razzu (University of London School of Economics – Social Policy). June 2009

  Mostly econometric analysis to decompose poverty reduction into growth and inequality components following traditional approaches, e.g. world bank and ravalion. This could inform policy to address inequality. Need to look at different datasets to understand what equality information they contain, in terms of strands, e.g. gender, disability, ethnicity, sexual orientation, age etc and various dimensions, such as health, education, income, social life etc.
  Other surveys used: FRS SEH GHS NTS BSA FACS LFS APS HBAI.

• Life of employment – Dr Mariangela Zenga. June 2009

  I'd like to use the data to study the life of employment, in particular I will investigate the job cycle of a person and the period of unemployment. I will use The Dagum distribution (with right and left censored data) to study the distribution of the time of employment and unemployment.
  Other surveys used: LFS NILFS APS BHPS BCS70 LSYPE.

• The social structure and social problems in UK and China – Dr Feng Li. May 2009

  With the rapid social transformation, there are more and more social problems in China. I want to compare the social problems in the UK, as that is the earliest industried and important developed country, and China as that is the important developing country.
  Other surveys used: YPSA.

• New family structures – Professor Stephen McKay (University of Birmingham – Social Policy). May 2009

  An analysis of large-scale data to look at changes in family structures, and to compare with findings from the past. Key topics are lone parents, including lone fathers, and the effects of birth-spacing on employment (and potentially other outcomes).
  Other surveys used: APS SCS BHPS FACS LFS FRS BSA HBAI MCS .

• Scoping for youth justice research project at the New Economics Foundation – Miss Deborah Talmi (University College London – Department of Psychology). May 2009

  We need the British Crime Survey to test some hypotheses about the functioning of the youth justice system that will help us determine the further focus of our research. In particular we are trying to isolate the effects of diversion away from court on overall crime levels. The results of the final research will be made publicly available.

• Religious affiliation and social values – Dr Richard Gale (University of Birmingham – Sociology). April 2009

  This is preliminary research in the relationship between religious affiliation/practice and social values.
  Other surveys used: BSA GHS LFS BHPS.

• Longitudinal analysis of crime victimisation – Mr Daniel Ellingworth (Manchester Metropolitan University – Sociology). April 2009

  The data will be analysed to try and identify explanations for the reduction in crime victimisation since the mid-1990s. The study will address analyse variations in victimisation risk between individuals, areas and regions; changing patterns of repeat victimisation and the importance of changing demographies.

• Indicators research – Ms Elissa Sibley (City University – Sociology). April 2009

  To generate a list of measures used for indicators in several domains: Trust in institutions, social cohesion, tolerance/ prejudice, sense of security. Supporting European Social Survey research.
  Other surveys used: BSA BHPS.

• Analysis of young people's polydrug use in the BCS – Dr Harry Sumnall (Liverpool John Moores University – Centre for Public Health). April 2009

  The EU Monitoring Centre on Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) has requested that member states (through their Focal Points) conduct secondary analyses of general population surveys of drug use and report the prevelance of conditional drug use (i.e. use of more than one drug in the same reporting period) for their annual report. I am requesting access to young people's (aged 16-24) data on drug use as reported in the latest BCS (07/08) in order to conduct the aforementioned analysis.

• To estimate prevelance of IPV across NE england – Dr Nicole Westmarland (University of Durham – School of Applied Social Sciences). March 2009

  I want to use the BCS IPV and SV self completion module data to estimate prevelance of these forms of violence against women across the NE for a Government Office North East research project.
  Other surveys used: .

• Partnership Strategic Assessment evidence base – Ms Sharon Pye (Leicestershire County Council – Research and Information). February 2009

  To provide a robust and accurate picture of crime and disorder issues across the county. To aid the Community Safety Partnerships within Leicestershire and Rutland in identifying the strategic priorities that feed in to the Community Safety Agrrement and the Community Safety Plans. The data will specifically be used for comparative purposes allowing Leicestershire crime and perception data to be set in context of a national, regional and sub-regional picture.

• Homophobic Hate Crime – Dr Matthew Williams (Cardiff University – School of Social Sciences). February 2009

  An analysis of sexual orientation and criminal victimisation using data from the British Crime Survey 07 - 08.

• Mapping crime and support services – Miss Elizabeth Dickens. February 2009

  To assist with a Home Office Ministry of Justice research study comparing the provision of support services to victims and witnesses (supply), against the number of crimes (demand) in each LCJB across the country.

• Understanding London's labour market and population – Ms Lorna Spence (Greater London Authority – Data Management and Analysis Group). February 2009

  This is an ongoing project in the areas of demographic, labour market and social exclusion analysis. Data are regularly required to inform the development, implementation and monitoring of numerous GLA strategies. The key areas this project covers includes:: - London’s demography - The level and nature of labour market participation in London - Profiling groups most at risk of income poverty - Profiling groups at risk of labour market exclusion - Examining factors associated with exclusion - Equalities and the labour market - Immigration and the labour market - Demographic and labour market trends The team also has a monitoring remit across key strategy areas, including: social inclusion (eg child poverty), planning, sustainability, health, economic development, equalities, refugee integration and housing.
  Other surveys used: LFS FRS APS EFS HSE GHS HBAI.

• RPS – Mr Ian Clark. January 2009

  This data is required to assess the availability of data regarding actual and perceived levels of safety on public transport.

• British Crime Survey – Dr Sarah Dougan (Islington PCT – Public Health). January 2009

  I require these data for NHS PCT data analysis on drug use to inform service provision for drug users by NHS Islington. In particular, I want to calculate number and rates of drug use by type.

• Teaching and research – Mrs Colleen Moore (Anglia Ruskin University – Humanities and Social Sciences). January 2009

  I will be using the survey for teaching purposes and for aiding in research relating to violence. Currently, students have a very limited understanding of the processes related to gathering and findings of the British Crime Survey, and I would like to embed this into their research studies.

• Estimating the effect of police on crime – Dr Ben Vollaard. January 2009

  We estimate the effect of police on crime within England and Wales, using the BCS as source of crime data rather than police recorded crime. Additionally, we show that measurement error in police recorded crime results in an upward bias in the estimated effect of police on crime.

• Public Confidence Research – Mr Steve Cross. November 2008

  Research and analysis to identify how we may improve public confidence in our services, by analysing diagnostic indicators and demographics.

• Teaching research methods – Ms Andrea Lyons-Lewis (Nottingham Trent University – Social Sciences). November 2008

  This dataset will be used with 2nd year undergraduate students on two programmes, Health & Environment, and Sociology. It will be used to explore the possibilites offered by secondary data and also to use as an example dataset for learning quantitative analysis skills.
  Other surveys used: ELSA .

• Research – Dr Vathsala Jayasuriya (London Metropolitan University – CWASU). November 2008

  To develop an evidence base for the prevalance of domestic violence in the London area for a VAW strategy by the CWASU. Will look at trends, prevalence and compare proportions in different geographic locations.

• British Crime Survey, 2007-2008 – Professor Mike Hough (King's College London – School of Law). November 2008

  I would like the 2007/08 dataset for ad-hoc analysis of various variables, especially those that relate to confidence in justice.

• Northamptonshire Needs Assessment – Mrs Laura Stancombe. October 2008

  The National Treatment Agency (NTA) requires every Drug Action Team (DAT) to complete a needs assessment of drug and alcohol use on an annual basis, taking into consideration drug and alcohol use, crime, perceptions of crime and social profiling (down to CDRP level). The BCS data would obviously greatly assist us in completing this work.

• Strategic Assessment – Mr Seth Hart. October 2008

  Data is required to review the performance of London Borough of Newham CDRP Strategic Priorities for 2008/09.
  Other surveys used: LFS APS.

• Dividing Britain – Mr John Pritchard (University of Sheffield – Geography). September 2008

  Looking at how britain has changed from 1968 to present day, measuring such things as isolation, segregation by age, changes in poverty and wealth.

• New migrants in British Crime Survey 2006-7 – Dr Roger Grimshaw (King's College London – LAW). September 2008

  The Information Centre about Asylum and Refugees at City University and the Centre For Crime and Justice Studies at King's College London have been commissioned to ascertain the confidence of new migrant communities in the Metropolitan Police and to compare their experiences of crime and safety with the rest of the London region population. The BCS contains information about nationality, confidence in the police, and experience of several forms of victimisation, for example, in relation to burglary and assault.

• Place Survey Benchmarking – Miss Kate Davies. August 2008

  I work for a market research agency and we are carrying out the Place Survey 2008 for a number of Local Authorities. We wish to use the data from the BCS to benchmark the Place Survey National Indicators against.

• Deprivation and the fear of crime – Dr Jonathan Jackson (University of London School of Economics – Methodology Institute). August 2008

  This is research to examine the links between deprivation and the fear of crime. The analysis sits within a broader project to explore the drivers of public attitudes towards crime and criminal justice.

• Trends in and Fear of, Crime – Dr Mark Oldfield (University of Kent – SSPSSR). July 2008

  We intend to reanalyse data from the BCS to examine trends in fear of crime and to correlate these with actual trends and also trends across other indices of social change.
  Other surveys used: SCS.

• Estimating the number of children living with substance misusing parents. – Dr victoria manning (King's College London – psychological medicine). July 2008

  In 2003 ACMD estimated their being between 250-350 children living with a problem drug user. This figure was derived from problem drug users receiving specialist treatment between 1996 and 2000, who had provided information on their parental status. This figure is likely to be an underestimate, since women are generally less likely to seek treatment for their addiction and more likely to be responsible for child care. However more importantly those in treatment reflect only a proportion of all drug users. There are now however, more accurate estimates of the proportion or drug users in treatment based on capture recapture methods (Home Office, 2007). Recent literature recognises the negative impact of parental alcohol misuse and non-problematic drug use on children. The first step in deciding on how policy and practise should develop to support children of SM parents is to determine the scope and scale of the problem. However an estimate of the likely number of children at risk form parental substance use has not yet been determined. The aim of this study is to estimate the number of children living with parents who misuse alcohol or drugs and to estimate the number at elevated / cumulative risk of harm through substance use and other problem behaviours e.g. mental illness.
  Other surveys used: HSE MCS NCDS BCS70.

• Drug use and social deprivation – Mr Alex Stevens (University of Kent – Social Policy). July 2008

  To test relationships between social deprivation and drug use by multivariate analysis of indicators in the British Crime Survey.

• Explaining and sustaining the crime drop – Miss Jen Mailley (Loughborough University – Social Sciences). June 2008

  Data are to be used in research into Explaining and Sustaining the Drop in Crime in Industrialised Countries.

• Crime patterns – Dr Andrew Costello (University of Sheffield – Law). April 2008

  I have the data from 05/06 and i want to look at combining previous datasets partly to examine if South Yorkshire data can be analysed on its own also to increase the overall level of rural data.

• Exploring the Goodhart Thesis at the Local Scale: Neighbourhood Social Heterogeneity and Perceptions of Quality of Life in the British Crime Survey – Mrs Joanna Taylor (University of Portsmouth – Geography). April 2008

  The political commentator David Goodhart suggested that the UK is now "too diverse" - in other words, that socioeconomic heterogeneity is associated with adverse social consequences, such as a decline in trust. This research will explore the influence of socioeconomic and ethnic segregation on people's perceptions of social cohesion and quality of life, using the British Crime Survey.

• Indicator Analysis – Mr Mark Clement. March 2008

  Several Indicators within the Counties Local Area Agreement are related to British Crime Survey Data. We are rquired to establish baselines and discuss with Government Office Northwest future targets. I intend to use the data to look at historic performance and then use this to set baselines and future targets

• Alcohol-related research – Dr Rachel Seabrook. February 2008

  We aim to educate, preserve and protect the good health of the public by promoting the scientific understanding of beverage alcohol and the individual, societal and health consequences of its consumption; and by promoting measures for the prevention of alcohol-related problems and to promote for the public benefit research into beverage alcohol and to publish the useful results.
  Other surveys used: HSE LSYPE GHS.

• Ethnic minorities in the labour market – Dr Sin Yi Cheung (University of Birmingham – Sociology). February 2008

  To examine the patterns of disadvantage of ethnic minorities in the labour market in Britain and to investigate the trends over time, with a particular focus on the private sector.
  Other surveys used: LFS NCDS.

• Worcestershire County Economic Assessment – Mr Chris Baker. February 2008

  The usage will provide valuable data for the economic assessment, which is an analysis of current trends and developments in Worcestershire's economy and contains information to provide an overview of recent national policy in order to establish a framework for, and give meaning to, development in the county.
  Other surveys used: APS Omnibus LFS.

• Secondary analysis of British Crime Survey for North Wales – Dr Martina Feilzer (University of Bangor – School of Social Sciences). February 2008

  Secondary analysis of BCS data for the North Wales police force area. This is preparatory work to draw up a proposal to assist North Wales Police in its interpretation of the BCS data for their local area. Specific interest in public confidence in the police and levels of fear of crime.

• Mrs Thatcher's Criminological Legacy – Dr Stephen Farrall (University of Sheffield – School of Law). February 2008

  The objective of this scoping project is to allow the applicants to assess the extent to which it would be possible to explore the social, economic and cultural impact of neo-conservative public policy on UK society, especially as these features relate to criminal justice policy. Since the 70s and 80s, the UK has invested in a number of on-going surveys. In addition to this, there are other, non-governmental surveys which exist which provide a basis for the assessment of the direction of changes in social attitudes and experiences over time. There are also a series of one-off surveys too. Taken collectively, what can these surveys tell us about the enduring impact on the UK's criminal justice system of the neo-conservative policies of the 1980s? A key objective of the scoping project is to think through ways of discerning the impact that politics have on the deep trends that drive social change.
  Other surveys used: BSA GHS LFS SEH FRS SCS FES NIFES NCDS.

• Crime trends across Europe – Dr Ben Vollaard. January 2008

  A comparison of crime trends between UK and Netherlands. I will focus on differing trends between property crime and violent crime. Trends are surprisingly similar, which demands further investigation.

• Police under Public Scrutiny – Mr Andreas Cebulla (National Centre for Social Research – Quantitative Research Department). January 2008

  Investigating the evidence of police reforms affecting public perceptions and experiences of the police - as intended by the reforms. The research will compare a range of BCS, testing specific reforms.

• Preparation fro 2008 sweep of the 1958 cohort study – Dr Jane Elliott (University of Institute of Education – Centre for Longitudinal Studies). December 2007

  In preparation for the 2008 sweep of the 1958 cohort study we are reviewing which questions should be included and in particular are keen to make questions as comparable as possible with other surveys. Data from ELSA will be valuable in allowing us to look at variability in measures of cognitive and physical functioning for cohorts at different ages and to help us decide which measures should be included for cohort members aged 50.
  Other surveys used: ELSA.

• Research – Professor Andromachi Tseloni (Nottingham Trent University, The – School of Social Scinces). December 2007

  Analysis of victimisation rates to compare the effects on rates of series incidents. The analaysis will be done separately from rates based on the screening questions and the victim forms.

• The harms of hate crime – Dr Paul Iganski (Lancaster University – Applied Social Science). September 2007

  A project to explore the physical, psychological, emotional and behavioural harms experienced by victims of racist crimes compared with victims of comparable but otherwise motivated crimes. The research is intended to test the hypothesis that so-called 'hate crimes' hurt more than parallel crimes.

• Teaching sociological research methods – Dr Jacqueline O'Reilly (University of Sussex – Sociology). September 2007

  Teaching second year sociology students how to access real datasets as part of learning how to use SPSS.
  Other surveys used: LFS BSA BHPS .

• Secondary analysis for social scientists – Dr Jo Wathan (University of Manchester – CCSR). September 2007

  We aim to encourage undergraduate social scientists to use secondary data in their dissertations. Several datasets will have workbooks based around them, which form the basis of a series of workshops.
  Other surveys used: BSA.

• Study on New Data Mining Algorithms – Dr David Chen (London South Bank University – ISIT). September 2007

  The datasets will be used in my research on the effectiveness of different data mining algorithms.
  Other surveys used: APS.

• Teaching Data for Research Methods – Mr John Culbert (Glasgow Caledonian University – Social Sciences, School of Law & Social Sciences). August 2007

  The investigation of the potential for using a number of online datasets available via Nesstar for teaching purposes and project work by students on an introductory research methods in the social sciences course.

• Education in Cornwall and IoS – Dr Caroline Hattam (University of Exeter – Marchmont SLIM). August 2007

  As part of an evaluation of Objective One ESF, we are investigating longitudinal datasets that may help identify changes in the socio-economic situation of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly.
  Other surveys used: LFS APS BSA FRS GHS SEH BHPS LSYPE.

• Indications of Public Health in the English Regions: Substance Use – Miss Claire Shaw (Liverpool John Moores University – Centre for Public Health). July 2007

  The North West Public Health Observatory (PHO) has been tasked with the completion of the Indications of Public Health in relation to drug use in the English regions on behalf of the Chief Medical Officer. In order to complete the report, the Centre for Public Health (CPH) will require data from British Crime Survey 2005/06.
  Other surveys used: Omnibus.

• Analysis of data on ASB and victimisation – Dr Natasha Semmens (University of Sheffield – Law). June 2007

  I am supervising a PhD student who is exploring the link between ASB and RV. Secondary analysis on the BCS will be used to develop questions for a local empirical study.

• Determinants of Crime-related Anger and Fear – Dr Roger Giner-Sorolla (Kent,University of – Psychology). June 2007

  Elizabeth Gilchrist and I intend to examine how a number of perceptions are related to general anger and fear about crime (as distinct from victims' responses), and how anger and fear might predict distinct coping strategies related to crime.

• Domestic Burglary in South Yorkshire – Mr Paul Brindley (University of Sheffield – Town and Regional Planning). June 2007

  PhD research to explore the temporal and spatial patterns of domestic burglary in South Yorkshire. Regression analysis to explore socio-economic factors of variations in crime patterns between geographic areas.
  Other surveys used: Omnibus APS FRS EFS.

• Comparative Analysis of Judicial Statistics – Professor Hiroshi Takahashi. May 2007

  I am engaged in a research project for comparing the judicial and criminal statistics in European countries and Japan from historical as well as socio-legal perspective. The British Crime Survey is one of the major statistics to be researched.

• Debt and finance among older people – Professor Stephen McKay (University of Birmingham – Institute of Applied Social Studies). May 2007

  In most studies, older people have very low levels of debt, despite often having low levels of income. However, there are signs that this may be changing, as younger cohorts exhibit less opposition to borrowing than their predecessors. We aim to examine the characteristics of older people with debt, and other kinds of financial problems, and how this is evolving over time.
  Other surveys used: ELSA BHPS BSA.

• Young people study – Dr Byoungduk Sohn. March 2007

  The study will be exploring the young people's life in terms of longigudial period. Especially, the relationships between young people's behavioral and emotional/family environmental characteristics will be examined, using SPSS. First, the research on the previous studies will be explored and second statitical analysis will be examined.
  Other surveys used: LSYPE.

• Scottish Centre for Criminal Justice Research, CJ-Quest – Ms Jackie Palmer (University of Edinburgh – SCCJR). March 2007

  This network aims to improve the quantitative criminological research base in Scotland by expanding expertise and capacity in large-scale survey methodology, quantitative statistical analysis and complex data modelling. A key objective is to expand the use of existing Scottish datasets in relation to crime and criminal justice. It will play a major role in the design, methodological development and analysis of the Scottish Crime and Victimisation Survey. This network will also be involved in exploring gaps in the evidence base and attempting to establish new sources of data to fill such gaps. It will be concerned with enhancing methodological development in the field of criminological survey research and the promotion and facilitation of Scottish datasets as tools for teaching and training.
  Other surveys used: SCS.

• Characteristics of young users of cannabis – Dr Harry Sumnall (University of Liverpool – Psychology). March 2007

  This is a brief examination to identify characteristics of those respondents who report use of cannabis under the age of 18.

• Research – Dr Nasir Warfa (University of Queen Mary – Psychiatry). February 2007

  I will be using some of this data for background information to an academic and research article.

• Equalitec Recruitment of women into ITEC project – Dr Robert Busfield (University of Roehampton – Business & Social Sciences). February 2007

  This project examines how women are recruited and retained in the ITEC sector. The main method involves interviewing HR managers in relevant companines and the project aims to disseminate good practice throughout the industry in order to increase the proportion of women emoployed in ITECT careers. The research will also involve secondary analysis of labour force statistics in order to illustrate the current position of women in the ITEC sector.
  Other surveys used: LFS GHS BSA Omnibus.

• Geographical analysis – Mr Fabio Rizzo (University of Birkbeck College). January 2007

  Course work for BA in geography, to obtain data containing at least two variables that can be used for a specific relationship.
  Other surveys used: .

• Geographical anaylsis and techniques – Mr Fabio Rizzo (University of Birkbeck College). January 2007

  Coursework for BA in geographical studies, to obtain a set of variables that can be used to establish the strengh of a specific relationship.

• Exploring savings and assets by gender – Mr Stephen Mckay (University of Bristol – Geographical Sciences). January 2007

  Project to look at gender differences in levels of savings, assets and debt. Plan to look at the information at individual level, rather than aggregating to household level. In collaboration with Fawcett Society.
  Other surveys used: EFS BSA BHPS ELSA.

• Family poverty – Mr Stephen Mckay (University of Bristol – Geographical Sciences). January 2007

  Analysing the new FRS data from 2004/5 on deprivation indicators. This affects poverty figures, for all family types. Plan to also look at the role of child support in income packages, and what is available on asset measures.
  Other surveys used: FRS LFS.

• MSc Criminal Justice Research teaching – Dr Andrew Millie (Loughborough University – Social Sciences). January 2007

  The datasets will be used for teaching MSc students on Loughborough University's 'Criminal Justice Research' programme.

• Quantitative Methods in Criminological Research – Mr Matthew Badcock (University of Central England in Birmingham – School of Social Sciences). January 2007

  This dataset will be used as a teaching dataset for a postgraduate module. Its sole use will be for the purpose of teaching and student use. The dataset will help the class tutor to incorporate empirical data into thecourses and thus to develop student skills in quantitative methods of analysis.

• Academic research into geography of social attitudes – Professor John Mohan (University of Southampton – Sociology and Social Policy). January 2007

  This is in connection with a project to investigate variations in attitudes to welfare services between places.
  Other surveys used: BSA GHS SEH HSE.

• Drivers of satisfaction with the justice system – Dr Steven Van de Walle (University of Birmingham – School of Public Policy). December 2006

  Data will be used for a project commissioned as part of the DCA 2006 research programme. The report summarizes the international opinion research and literature on satisfaction with the justice system, and uses this review to develop an explanatory model for trust in the legal system in 20 European countries. Next, it compares the British position to these European findings, by studying levels of confidence in several elements of justice delivery.

• Teaching intermediate statistics – Mrs Susan McVie (University of Edinburgh – School of Law). December 2006

  We plan to use the British Crime Survey dataset for teaching a course of intermediate statistics to Graduates within the College of Humanities and Social Sciences at the University of Edinburgh. The dataset will be used to teach a range of methods, including inferential statistics, parametric and non-parametric tests and regression analysis.

• Measuring equality – Dr Tania Burchardt (University of London School of Economics – CASE). December 2006

  The new Commission on Equality and Human Rights will monitor equality in Britain by gender, ethnicity, disability, age, sexual orientation and religion/belief. This project is developing a framework for measurement for the CEHR.
  Other surveys used: LFS BSA HSE FRS BHPS FES HBAI.

• UG Dissertation – Dr Jane Fielding (University of Surrey – Sociology). November 2006

  Undergraduate dissertation investigating the value of higher education using father's social class and respondents social class in a social mobility study.
  Other surveys used: BSA GHS.

• Comparative analysis – Dr Lyn Hinds. November 2006

  Intend to use the BCS as a tool to do a comparative analysis of BCS and Australian surveys about crime and safety.

• Estimating the impact of drug usage – Mr Andrew Thomas (The Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) – DWP). October 2006

  I intend to use this to estimate the impact of drug usage supporting DWP's research strategy.
  Other surveys used: LFS.

• Victimization – Professor Michael Maxfield. October 2006

  Demonstrate the larger number of independent variables available in the BCS compared to US surveys. Students will see how behavioural and other items offer many more opportunities to learn about the circumstances of victimization.

• Teaching – Mr Yi Fang (University of Edinburgh – Economics). October 2006

  To create a econometric project for students in Edinburgh University. The project aims at reproducing the results of previous research and practising some econometric techniques.
  Other surveys used: LFS .

• Drug use, vulnerable young people and crime – Mr Alex Stevens (Kent,University of – Social Policy). October 2006

  For academic research on drug use by young people and the links between crime, victimisation, offending and arrest.

• Teaching quantitative methods – Dr Paul Norman (University of Leeds – School of Geography). October 2006

  Various datasets will be used as exemplars during the teaching of quantitative research methods to Masters and PhD students at the School of Geography, University of Leeds.
  Other surveys used: LFS HSE GHS SEH.

• Revising Exploring Data Book – Dr Jane Elliott (University of Institute of Education – Centre for Longitudinal Studies). October 2006

  I am in process of revising Cathie Marsh's book 'Exploring Data' for publication as a second edition by Polity Press.
  Other surveys used: GHS.

• Drivers of confidence in CJS – Dr David Pevalin (University of Essex – Health and Human Sciences). October 2006

  This project is investigating the drivers of confidence in the criminal justice system and how they may vary across population segments.

• Crime study – Dr May Boggess. September 2006

  I am teaching a course on statistical analysis for complex survey designs and I would like to use the British Crime dataset for a project on socio-economic effecting interactions with the criminal justice system.

• Teaching – Dr Michael McGuire (London Metropolitan University – DASS). August 2006

  I intend to use this data as a teaching resource for my course Measuring Crime which is a second level undergraduate course on the BA Criminology at London Metropolitan University.

• Abortion and Crime – Professor David Paton (University of Nottingham – Business School). August 2006

  This study looks at the links between abortion legalisation and crime, building on work by Donohue and Levitt (& others) in the USA.

• Police Effectiveness-econometric analysis – Mr Joseph Hamed (Home Office – Science and Research - Economics and Resource Analysis). June 2006

  Internal Home Office work investigating marginal impact of and additional police officer at Police force area level since 2000. Cross-Section Time series structure to control for simultaneity between police hiring and crime to attempt to esitmate marginal impact of crime, with suitable controls for other variables.
  Other surveys used: LFS APS.

• Neighbourhood Management and Crime – Ms Michelle Rogerson (University of Huddersfield – Applied Criminology Centre). June 2006

  Dewsbury West Neighbourhood Management Pathfinder (DWNMP) is one of 20 Pathfinders funded by Government's Neighbourhood Renewal Unit to test the Neighbourhood Management model of regeneration. DWNMP have implemented a range of interventions aiming to reduce crime. This research aims to assess the impact of DWNMP crime projects on crime and disorder in the target area. The research includes the comparison of local survey data with national figures.

• Analysis of 2004-2005 BCS – Professor Wesley Skogan. June 2006

  This research will focus on the policing supplement, examining police-public interactions with the police. The research will examine both police-initiated and public-initiated encounters. The impact of specific encounters on global attitudes will be examined.

• Study on educations, crime and income – Mr Rimawan Pradiptyo (University of York – Centre for Criminal Justice Economics and Psychology). May 2006

  We are in the process of conducting an exploratory study on educations attainment, crime and income.
  Other surveys used: LFS BCS70 NCDS.

• Worcestershire Economic Assessment – Mr Stephen Russell. April 2006

  The Worcestershire Economic Assessment is an annual document which analyses current trends and developments in Worcestershire's economy and labour market. The document contains a wealth of information in order to establish a framework for, and give meaning to, development, in the county. The aim of the assessment is to aid those involved in decision-making and policy formation. It has been designed to provide reliable evidence on which to base strategies for those organisations involved in economic development, strategic planning, training and learning and skills. The success of previous Economic Assessments highlights the need for good quality local labour market and economic information. It maintains the tradition of providing a comprehensive analysis of the local economy, including an assessment of our future prospects to generate and attract inward investment into the local area. The assessment is an analysis of current trends and developments in Worcestershire's economy and contains a wealth of information to provide an overview of recent national economic policy in order to establish a framework for, and give meaning to, development in the county. The necessity for substantial, coherent information for policy development is clear. The data will be analysed and summarised in research reports, presentations and briefings. The purpose of the research is to ensure the council has the best analysis and evidence base possible to inform their decisions. Analysis will inform policy across numerous areas including planning, economic development, transport, social inclusion.
  Other surveys used: LFS APS FRS SEH Vital Statistics Household SAR.

• Social Research Methods – Mr JM Roberts (South Bank University – SPS). March 2006

  Teaching exercise for undergraduate students.
  Other surveys used: BSA LFS NILFS GHS.

• Fear of crime 03 – Professor Roger Bowles (University of York – Centre for Criminal Justice). February 2006

  I want to look at geographical patterns of the fear of crime and to relate them to recorded crime rates.

• RSSCSE Key Stage 3 Data Handling Project – Mr Mark Crowley (Nottingham Trent University, The – biomedical & natural sciences rsscse). February 2006

  The Royal Statistical Society's Centre for Statistical Education is preparing materials for Secondary Schools. We would like to provide Key Stage 3 (11-14) with data on crime to see if their perception of crime in their region matches the actual figures. This resource will be trialled at 50 schools (freely).

• Policy Analysis – Mr Alastair Gordon. November 2005

  Internal policy analysis with an local authority - looking specifically at fear of crime data.
  Other surveys used: LFS.

• Assessing the measurement of serious violent crime – Dr Juan jose Medina ariza (University of Manchester – Applied Social Science). November 2005

  This secondary analysis attempts to understand the different picture of violent crime offered by the BCS and police statistics.

• Analysis of the fear of crime and public confidence in policing – Dr Jonathan Jackson (University of London School of Economics – Methodology Institute). November 2005

  I intend to examine the nature and distribution of public anxieties about crime and public confidence in policing.
  Other surveys used: BSA.

• Dignity in and at Work Project – Dr Sharon Bolton (Lancaster University – OWT). October 2005

  Project looking into the concept of dignity at work. Initial research seeks to use existing data sets to explore how people feeel about the quality of their working experiences and their working conditions and environment. This information will then be used as a foundation for creating a conceptual framework that will enable a broad understanding of dignity in contemporary workplaces and form a foundation for further in depth qualitative research.
  Other surveys used: APS LFS BSA BHPS.

• Violence and Society – Dr Simon Moore (Cardiff University – Oral Surgery, Medicine and Pathology). October 2005

  To examine the causes and correlates of violence in UK society
  Other surveys used: LFS HSE BHPS BCS70.

• Analysis of technology crimes module – Professor David Wall (University of Leeds – Law). September 2005

  Looking at the regulation of deviant behaviour on the internet.

• Theft from vehicles – Professor Michael Maxfield. September 2005

  A few large cities in the US have reported large numbers of thefts of high-intensity headlights from certain German and Japanese automobiles. BCS data will be used to assess catgories of items stolen from vehicles.

• Teacing material – Dr Robert Evans (Cardiff University – School of Social Sciences). September 2005

  Teaching quantitative data analysis methods to students on postgraduate research methods course.
  Other surveys used: LFS HSE.

• Sizing the illicit drugs market – Dr Jonathan Burton (University of Essex – ISER). August 2005

  Home Office project.
  Other surveys used: Omnibus ELSA MCS BHPS.

• LSE Public Policy Group Civil Renewal Study – Mr Simon Bastow (University of London School of Economics – Government). June 2005

  This data will be used for analysis of voting behaviour across 4 wards in the 2001 general election

• Fear of e-crime – Mr Matthew Williams (Cardiff University – School of Social Sciences). May 2005

  Analysis of BCS data to map the patterns of e-crime fear

• Small area estimation of crime levels – Dr Alex Gibson (University of Exeter – Geography). May 2005

  Exploration of potential of applying Bayesian multilevel modelling approaches as a means of estimating crime levels in small areas.

• Urban/rural trends – Joanne Abbotts (University of Glasgow – Urban studies). March 2005

  To examine trends in urban/rural health over the last 14 years for project on social cohesion.
  Other surveys used: HSE.

• Evaluating the Impact of 'Valuing People' – Professor Eric Emerson (Lancaster University – Institute for Health Research). December 2004

  Aim: To develop a comprehensive set of performance indicators that can be used to evlaute the impact of current health and social care policies for people with learning disabilities.
  Other surveys used: LFS Omnibus HSE TimeUse GHS FRS BHPS NCDS FACS MCS BCS70.

• Religious discrimination in the UK – Dr Richard Gale (University of Birmingham – Sociology). December 2004

  This study uses a number of large, national datasets in combination with more localised studies to assess the extent and nature of discrimination experienced by religious minority communities in the UK in a variety of different institutional settings.
  Other surveys used: BSA .

• Crime Trends: Demographic and Risk Influences on Levels of Crime – Mr Daniel Mark Ellingworth (Manchester Metropolitan University – Sociology). November 2004

  This data will be utilised to explore competing explanations for trends in crime in England and Wales over the period 1980-2004. Issues that will be addressed will be the impact of changing demographic patterns on levels of crime, and the extenet to which different demographic groups are experiencing changes in their risk profile. A related issue, repeat victimisation, will also be considered, addressing the apparent paradox that over the 1990s (a period characterised by heightened awareness of multiple victimisation amongst academic criminologists and crime reduction professionals) some measures suggest increased levels of multiple victimisation.