ÿþ<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC '-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN'> <html><head><title>Title Page</title><meta http-equiv='Content-Type' content='text/html; charset=iso-8859-1'><style type='text/css'>h1 { margin:0px 0px 0px 0px; padding:0px; font-size:large; font-weight:900; font-family:verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align:center; color:#000; }h2 { font-size:medium; font-weight:900; font-family:verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; margin:10px 0px -2px 0px; padding:0px; color:#000; }h2.myclass { font-size:medium; font-weight:900; font-family:verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; margin:10px 0px -2px 0px; padding:0px; color:#000; text-align:center;}h3 { font-size:13px; font-weight:700; font-family:verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; margin:0px 0px -1px 0px; padding:0px; color:#07a; }h3.myclass { font-size:13px; font-weight:700; font-family:verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; margin:0px 0px -1px 0px; padding:0px; color:#07a; text-align:center;}h4 { font-size:x-large; font-family:garamond, serif; color:#09f; text-align:center; margin:0px 0px 5px 0px; padding:0px;}h5 { font-size:13px; font-family:verdana, arial,sans-serif; font-weight:600; margin:0px 0px 5px 50px; padding:0px;}i.myclass{color:#07a;}</style></head><body> <H1> Index of Electoral Malpractice, 1995-2006 </H1> <H3 class='myclass'> UKDA study number:5991</h3> <H2 class='myclass'>Principal Investigator</H2> <H3 class='myclass'> Birch, S.<br>University of Essex. Department of Government<br> </H3> <H2 class='myclass'>Sponsor</H2> <H3 class='myclass'>British Academy<br></H3> <H2 class='myclass'>Distributed by</H2> <H3 class='myclass'>UK Data Archive, University of Essex, Colchester.</H3> <H3 class='myclass'> August 2008 </H3> <div style='page-break-before:always'></div> <H1>&nbsp;</H1><H1>Bibliographic Citation</H1> <H5> All works which use or refer to these materials should acknowledge these sources by means of bibliographic citation. To ensure that such source attributions are captured for bibliographic indexes, citations must appear in footnotes or in the reference section of publications. The bibliographic citation for this data collection is: </h5> <H5> Birch, S., <i> Index of Electoral Malpractice, 1995-2006</i> [computer file]. Colchester, Essex: UK Data Archive [distributor], August 2008. SN: 5991, http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-5991-1. </h5><H1>&nbsp;</H1> <H1 >Acknowledgement</h1> <h5> Any publication, whether printed, electronic or broadcast, based wholly or in part on these materials, should acknowledge the original data creators, depositors or copyright holders, the funders of the Data Collections (if different) and the UK Data Archive, and to acknowledge Crown Copyright where appropriate. <br> Any publication, whether printed, electronic or broadcast, based wholly or in part on these materials should carry a statement that the original data creators, depositors or copyright holders, the funders of the Data Collections (if different) and the UK Data Archive bear no responsibility for their further analysis or interpretation. </h5><H5>&nbsp;</H5> <h5><b>Copyright: </b><br> S. Birch </h5><H1>&nbsp;</H1> <H1>Disclaimer</H1> <h5> Although all efforts are made to ensure the quality of the materials, neither the original data creators, depositors or copyright holders, the funders of the Data Collections, nor the UK Data Archive bear any responsibility for the accuracy or comprehensiveness of these materials.<br> </h5><h5>&nbsp;</h5><h5>All rights reserved. No part of these materials may be reproduced, stored in, or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the UK Data Archive.<br><br>UK Data Archive<br> University of Essex<br> Wivenhoe Park<br> Colchester<br> Essex C04 3SQ<br> United Kingdom<br>www.data-archive.ac.uk <br><br> </h5> <h2 style='page-break-before:always'> 5991 . Index of Electoral Malpractice, 1995-2006<br> </h2><h3>&nbsp;</h3> <h3>Depositor:</h3> <h5>Birch, S. , University of Essex. Department of Government</h5> <h3>Principal Investigator:</h3> <h5>Birch, S. , University of Essex. Department of Government</h5> <H3>Sponsor:</H3><H5> British Academy<br> <i class='myclass'> Grant Number:</i> SG-46162 </H5> <h3> Abstract: </h3> <h5>The aim of the <i>Index of Electoral Malpractice, 1995-2006</i> was to investigate electoral malpractice in new and semi-democracies. It studied the mechanics of electoral malpractice and the frequency of different forms of abuse with reference to the strategic constraints under which political actors operate in different contexts. It also explored the causes and consequences of electoral malpractice.<br> <br> The project employed a variety of data, including existing datasets and a new dataset created specifically for this research: the <i>Index of Electoral Malpractice, 1995-2006</i>, constructed on the basis of 136 election observation reports produced between 1995 and 2006 by international election observation missions in 57 states in 3 regions of the world, Latin America, Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union and Sub-Saharan Africa.<br> <br> Each report was coded independently by three coders according to a schema that distinguishes between the targets of various manipulative strategies: the legislative framework, campaign practices, and various aspects of the electoral administrative process. Coders were asked to code a total of 15 aspects of the electoral process, including an overall assessment of the quality of the election, as reflected in the observation mission s evaluation.<br> <br> Further information can be found on the <a href="http://www.essex.ac.uk/government/electoralmalpractice/" title="Electoral Malpractice and Electoral Manipulation in New and Semi-Democracies">Electoral Malpractice and Electoral Manipulation in New and Semi-Democracies</a> web page.<br></h5><h3>Main Topics:</h3><h5>This dataset contains 15 variables:<ul><li>legal framework</li><li>electoral authority independence</li><li>contestation</li><li>voter registration</li><li>polling arrangements</li><li>voting</li><li>counting, tabulation and reporting</li><li>dispute adjudication</li><li>observer access</li><li>media coverage</li><li>misuse of state resources</li><li>vote-buying</li><li>voter intimidation/obstruction</li><li>candidate intimidation/obstruction</li><li>overall assessment of the election</li></ul></h5> <h3>Coverage: </h3><h5> <i class='myclass'> Time Period Covered:</i> January 1995 - December 2006 <br><i class='myclass'>Country: </i> Multi-nation <br><i class='myclass'>Spatial Units: </i> Countries <br><i class='myclass'>Observation Units: </i> Administrative units (geographical/political) <br><i class='myclass'>Kind of Data: </i> Numeric data; Aggregate (macro) level </h5> <h3>Universe Sampled: </h3><h5> <i class='myclass'>Location of Units of Observation:</i> Cross-national; National <br><i class='myclass'>Population:</i> National elections held in Eastern Europe, Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa between 1995 and 2006. </h5> <h3>Methodology: </h3><h5> <i class='myclass'>Time Dimensions: </i> Pooled cross-section of election observation reports produced between 1995 and 2006. <br><i class='myclass'>Sampling Procedures: </i> Convenience sample <br><i class='myclass'>Number of Units:</i> 136 election observation reports. <br><i class='myclass'>Method of Data Collection: </i> Compilation or synthesis of existing material; Election observation reports produced by the European Union, the Organization of American States, and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe <br><i class='myclass'>Weighting: </i> No weighting used. </h5><h3>Language(s) of Written Materials: </h3> <h5>Study Description: English<br>Study Documentation: English<br></h5> <h3>Access: </h3><h5> <i class='myclass'>Access Conditions: </i> The depositor has specified that registration is required and standard conditions of use apply. The depositor may be informed about usage. See <a href='http://www.data-archive.ac.uk/orderingdata/termsandConditions.asp'>terms and conditions</a> for further information. <br><i class='myclass'>Availability: </i> ESDS International, UK Data Archive <br><i class='myclass'>Contact: </i></b> Help desk: international@esds.ac.uk<br> </h5> <h3>Date of First Release:</h3><h5> 5 August 2008<br></h5> <h3> Copyright: </h3> <h5> S. Birch</h5> <br><br> <h3> File last updated: </h3> <h5>31 October 2011</h5> </body></html>